关于Python中第三方库Requests库的高级用法详解

虽然Python的标准库中urllib2模块已经包含了平常我们使用的大多数功能，但是它的API使用起来让人实在感觉不好。它已经不适合现在的时代，不适合现代的互联网了。而Requests的诞生让我们有了更好的选择。本文就介绍了Python中第三方库Requests库的高级用法。

#get请求方法
 >>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=('user', 'pass'))
#打印get请求的状态码
 >>> r.status_code
200
#查看请求的数据类型，可以看到是json格式，utf-8编码
 >>> r.headers['content-type']
'application/json; charset=utf8'
 >>> r.encoding
'utf-8'
#打印请求到的内容
 >>> r.text
u'{"type":"User"...'
# 

输出json格式数据 >>> r.json() {u'private_gists': 419, u'total_private_repos': 77, ...}

#小例子
import requests
 
r = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com')
print type(r)
print r.status_code
print r.encoding
print r.text
print r.cookies
'''请求了百度的网址，然后打印出了返回结果的类型，状态码，编码方式，Cookies等内容  

输出：''' <class 'requests.models.Response'> 200 UTF-8 <RequestsCookieJar[]>

r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post")
r = requests.put("http://httpbin.org/put")
r = requests.delete("http://httpbin.org/delete")
r = requests.head("http://httpbin.org/get")
r = requests.options(<a rel="external nofollow" href="http://httpbin.org/get">http://httpbin.org/get</a>) 

r = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get")
#如果想要加参数，可以利用 params 参数：
import requests
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
r = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)
print r.url

# 

输出：http://www.gxlcms.com/

["foo", "bar", {
"foo": "bar"
}]
#利用如下程序请求并解析：
import requests
r = requests.get("a.json")
print r.text
print r.json()
'''运行结果如下，其中一个是直接 

输出内容，另外一个方法是利用 json() 方法 解析，感受下它们的不同:''' ["foo", "bar", { "foo": "bar" }] [u'foo', u'bar', {u'foo': u'bar'}]

r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json', stream=True)
r.raw
# 

输出 <requests.packages.urllib3.response.HTTPResponse object at 0x101194810> r.raw.read(10) '\x1f\x8b\x08\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x03'

import requests

payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
r = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload, headers=headers)
print r.url
#通过headers参数可以增加请求头中的headers信息 

import requests

payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
print r.text
#运行结果如下：
{
"args": {}, 
"data": "", 
"files": {}, 
"form": {
"key1": "value1", 
"key2": "value2"
}, 
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*", 
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
"Content-Length": "23", 
"Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", 
"Host": "http://httpbin.org", 
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.9.1"
}, 
"json": null, 
"url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
} 

import json
import requests

url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
payload = {'some': 'data'}
r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload))
print r.text

#运行结果：
{
"args": {}, 
"data": "{\"some\": \"data\"}", 
"files": {}, 
"form": {}, 
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*", 
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
"Content-Length": "16", 
"Host": "http://httpbin.org", 
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.9.1"
}, 
"json": {
"some": "data"
}, 
"url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
} 

#新建一个 test.txt 的文件，内容写上 Hello World!
import requests

url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
files = {'file': open('test.txt', 'rb')}
r = requests.post(url, files=files)
print r.text

{
"args": {}, 
"data": "", 
"files": {
"file": "Hello World!"
}, 
"form": {}, 
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*", 
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
"Content-Length": "156", 
"Content-Type": "multipart/form-data; boundary=7d8eb5ff99a04c11bb3e862ce78d7000", 
"Host": "http://httpbin.org", 
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.9.1"
}, 
"json": null, 
"url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
} 

with open('massive-body') as f:
requests.post('http://some.url/streamed', data=f) 

import requests

url = 'Example Domain'
r = requests.get(url)
print r.cookies
print r.cookies['example_cookie_name'] 

import requests

url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'
cookies = dict(cookies_are='working')
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies)
print r.text
# 

输出： '{"cookies": {"cookies_are": "working"}}'

import requests

requests.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/sessioncookie/123456789')
r = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies")
print(r.text)
#结果是：
{
"cookies": {}
} 

import requests

s = requests.Session()
s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/sessioncookie/123456789')
r = s.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies")
print(r.text)
#在这里我们请求了两次，一次是设置 cookies，一次是获得 cookies
{
"cookies": {
"sessioncookie": "123456789"
}
} 

import requests

s = requests.Session()
s.headers.update({'x-test': 'true'})
r = s.get('http://httpbin.org/headers', headers={'x-test2': 'true'})
print r.text
'''通过 s.headers.update 方法设置了 headers 的变量。然后我们又在请求中 设置了一个 headers，那么会出现什么结果？很简单，两个变量都传送过去了。 运行结果:'''
{
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*", 
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
"Host": "http://httpbin.org", 
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.9.1", 
"X-Test": "true", 
"X-Test2": "true"
}
} 

r = s.get('http://httpbin.org/headers', headers={'x-test': 'true'})

#它会覆盖掉全局的配置：
{
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*", 
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
"Host": "http://httpbin.org", 
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.9.1", 
"X-Test": "true"
}
} 

r = s.get('http://httpbin.org/headers', headers={'x-test': None})
{
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*", 
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
"Host": "http://httpbin.org", 
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.9.1"
}
} 

import requests

r = requests.get('https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/', verify=True)
print r.text
#结果：
requests.exceptions.SSLError: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:590) 

import requests

r = requests.get('Build software better, together', verify=True)
print r.text 

import requests

r = requests.get('https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/', verify=False)
print r.text 

import requests
 
proxies = {
"https": "http://41.118.132.69:4433"
}
r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", proxies=proxies)
print r.text
#也可以通过环境变量 HTTP_PROXY 和 HTTPS_PROXY 来配置代理
export HTTP_PROXY="http://10.10.1.10:3128"
export HTTPS_PROXY=<a href="http://10.10.1.10:1080">http://10.10.1.10:1080</a> 

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