在早期开发的时候，我们完成的都是静态页面也就是html页面，随着时间轴的发展，慢慢的引入了jsp页面，当在后端服务查询到数据之后可以转发到jsp页面，可以轻松的使用jsp页面来实现数据的显示及交互，jsp有非常强大的功能，但是，在使用springboot的时候，整个项目是以jar包的方式运行而不是war包，而且还嵌入了tomcat容器，因此，在默认情况下是不支持jsp页面的。如果直接以纯静态页面的方式会给我们的开发带来很大的麻烦，springboot推荐使用 模板引擎 。
模板引擎有很多种，jsp,freemarker, thymeleaf ，模板引擎的作用就是我们来写一个页面模板，比如有些值呢，是动态的，我们写一些表达式。而这些值，从哪来呢，我们来组装一些数据，我们把这些数据找到。然后把这个模板和这个数据交给我们模板引擎，模板引擎按照我们这个数据帮你把这表达式解析、填充到我们指定的位置，然后把这个数据最终生成一个我们想要的内容给我们写出去，这就是我们这个模板引擎，不管是jsp还是其他模板引擎，都是这个思想。只不过不同的模板引擎语法不同而已，下面重点学习下springboot推荐使用的thymeleaf模板引擎，语法简单且功能强大
1、thymeleaf的介绍
官网地址： https://HdhCmsTestthymeleaf.org/
thymeleaf在github的地址： https://github测试数据/thymeleaf/thymeleaf
中文网站： https://raledong.gitbooks.io/using-thymeleaf/content/
导入依赖：
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<!--thymeleaf模板--> <dependency> <groupId>org.thymeleaf</groupId> <artifactId>thymeleaf-spring5</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.thymeleaf.extras</groupId> <artifactId>thymeleaf-extras-java8time</artifactId> </dependency> |
在springboot中有专门的thymeleaf配置类：ThymeleafProperties
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@ConfigurationProperties (prefix = "spring.thymeleaf" ) public class ThymeleafProperties { private static final Charset DEFAULT_ENCODING = StandardCharsets.UTF_8; public static final String DEFAULT_PREFIX = "classpath:/templates/" ; public static final String DEFAULT_SUFFIX = ".html" ; /** * Whether to check that the template exists before rendering it. */ private boolean checkTemplate = true ; /** * Whether to check that the templates location exists. */ private boolean checkTemplateLocation = true ; /** * Prefix that gets prepended to view names when building a URL. */ private String prefix = DEFAULT_PREFIX; /** * Suffix that gets appended to view names when building a URL. */ private String suffix = DEFAULT_SUFFIX; /** * Template mode to be applied to templates. See also Thymeleaf's TemplateMode enum. */ private String mode = "HTML" ; /** * Template files encoding. */ private Charset encoding = DEFAULT_ENCODING; /** * Whether to enable template caching. */ private boolean cache = true ; |
2、thymeleaf使用模板
在java代码中写入如下代码：
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@RequestMapping ( "/hello" ) public String hello(Model model){ model.addAttribute( "msg" , "Hello" ); //classpath:/templates/hello.html return "hello" ; } |
html页面中写入如下代码：
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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang= "en" xmlns:th= "http://HdhCmsTestthymeleaf.org" > <body> <h1>Hello</h1> <div th:text= "${msg}" ></div> </body> </html> |
3、thymeleaf的表达式语法
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Simple expressions: Variable Expressions: ${...} Selection Variable Expressions: *{...} Message Expressions: #{...} Link URL Expressions: @{...} Fragment Expressions: ~{...} Literals Text literals: 'one text', 'Another one!',… Number literals: 0, 34, 3.0, 12.3,… Boolean literals: true, false Null literal: null Literal tokens: one, sometext, main,… Text operations: String concatenation: + Literal substitutions: |The name is ${name}| Arithmetic operations: Binary operators: +, -, *, /, % Minus sign (unary operator): - Boolean operations: Binary operators: and, or Boolean negation (unary operator): !, not Comparisons and equality: Comparators: >, <, >=, <= (gt, lt, ge, le) Equality operators: ==, != (eq, ne) Conditional operators: If-then: (if) ? (then) If-then-else: (if) ? (then) : (else) Default: (value) ?: (defaultvalue) Special tokens: No-Operation: _ |
4、thymeleaf实例演示
1、th的常用属性值
?一、th:text ：设置当前元素的文本内容，相同功能的还有th:utext，两者的区别在于前者不会转义html标签，后者会。优先级不高：order=7
?二、th:value：设置当前元素的value值，类似修改指定属性的还有th:src，th:href。优先级不高：order=6
?三、th:each：遍历循环元素，和th:text或th:value一起使用。注意该属性修饰的标签位置，详细往后看。优先级很高：order=2
?四、th:if：条件判断，类似的还有th:unless，th:switch，th:case。优先级较高：order=3
?五、th:insert：代码块引入，类似的还有th:replace，th:include，三者的区别较大，若使用不恰当会破坏html结构，常用于公共代码块提取的场景。优先级最高：order=1
?六、th:fragment：定义代码块，方便被th:insert引用。优先级最低：order=8
?七、th:object：声明变量，一般和*{}一起配合使用，达到偷懒的效果。优先级一般：order=4
?八、th:attr：修改任意属性，实际开发中用的较少，因为有丰富的其他th属性帮忙，类似的还有th:attrappend，th:attrprepend。优先级一般：order=5
thymeleaf.html
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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang= "en" xmlns:th= "http://HdhCmsTestthymeleaf.org" > <head> <meta charset= "UTF-8" > <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <p th:text= "${thText}" ></p> <p th:utext= "${thUText}" ></p> <input type= "text" th:value= "${thValue}" > <div th:each= "message:${thEach}" > <p th:text= "${message}" ></p> </div> <div> <p th:text= "${message}" th:each= "message:${thEach}" ></p> </div> <p th:text= "${thIf}" th: if = "${not #strings.isEmpty(thIf)}" ></p> <div th:object= "${thObject}" > <p>name:<span th:text= "*{name}" /></p> <p>age:<span th:text= "*{age}" /></p> <p>gender:<span th:text= "*{gender}" /></p> </div>
</body> </html> |
ThymeleafController.java
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import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller; import org.springframework.ui.ModelMap; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
@Controller public class ThymeleafController {
@RequestMapping ( "thymeleaf" ) public String thymeleaf(ModelMap map){
map.put( "thText" , "th:text设置文本内容 <b>加粗</b>" ); map.put( "thUText" , "th:utext 设置文本内容 <b>加粗</b>" ); map.put( "thValue" , "thValue 设置当前元素的value值" ); map.put( "thEach" , "Arrays.asList(\"th:each\", \"遍历列表\")" ); map.put( "thIf" , "msg is not null" ); map.put( "thObject" , new Person( "zhangsan" , 12 , "男" )); return "thymeleaf" ; } } |
2、标准表达式语法
?${...} 变量表达式，Variable Expressions
?*{...} 选择变量表达式，Selection Variable Expressions
?一、可以获取对象的属性和方法
?二、可以使用ctx，vars，locale，request，response，session，servletContext内置对象
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session.setAttribute( "user" , "zhangsan" ); th:text= "${session.user}" |
?三、可以使用dates，numbers，strings，objects，arrays，lists，sets，maps等内置方法
standardExpression.html
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<!-- 一、strings：字符串格式化方法，常用的Java方法它都有。比如：equals，equalsIgnoreCase，length，trim，toUpperCase，toLowerCase，indexOf，substring，replace，startsWith，endsWith，contains，containsIgnoreCase等
二、numbers：数值格式化方法，常用的方法有：formatDecimal等
三、bools：布尔方法，常用的方法有：isTrue，isFalse等
四、arrays：数组方法，常用的方法有：toArray，length，isEmpty，contains，containsAll等
五、lists，sets：集合方法，常用的方法有：toList，size，isEmpty，contains，containsAll，sort等
六、maps：对象方法，常用的方法有：size，isEmpty，containsKey，containsValue等
七、dates：日期方法，常用的方法有：format，year，month，hour，createNow等 --> <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang= "en" xmlns:th= "http://HdhCmsTestthymeleaf.org" > <head> <meta charset= "UTF-8" > <title>thymeleaf内置方法</title> </head> <body> <h3> #strings </h3> <div th: if = "${not #strings.isEmpty(Str)}" > <p>Old Str : <span th:text= "${Str}" /></p> <p>toUpperCase : <span th:text= "${#strings.toUpperCase(Str)}" /></p> <p>toLowerCase : <span th:text= "${#strings.toLowerCase(Str)}" /></p> <p>equals : <span th:text= "${#strings.equals(Str, 'blog')}" /></p> <p>equalsIgnoreCase : <span th:text= "${#strings.equalsIgnoreCase(Str, 'blog')}" /></p> <p>indexOf : <span th:text= "${#strings.indexOf(Str, 'r')}" /></p> <p>substring : <span th:text= "${#strings.substring(Str, 2, 4)}" /></p> <p>replace : <span th:text= "${#strings.replace(Str, 'it', 'IT')}" /></p> <p>startsWith : <span th:text= "${#strings.startsWith(Str, 'it')}" /></p> <p>contains : <span th:text= "${#strings.contains(Str, 'IT')}" /></p> </div> <h3> #numbers </h3> <div> <p>formatDecimal 整数部分随意，小数点后保留两位，四舍五入: <span th:text= "${#numbers.formatDecimal(Num, 0, 2)}" /></p> <p>formatDecimal 整数部分保留五位数，小数点后保留两位，四舍五入: <span th:text= "${#numbers.formatDecimal(Num, 5, 2)}" /></p> </div>
<h3> #bools </h3> <div th: if = "${#bools.isTrue(Bool)}" > <p th:text= "${Bool}" ></p> </div>
<h3> #arrays </h3> <div th: if = "${not #arrays.isEmpty(Array)}" > <p>length : <span th:text= "${#arrays.length(Array)}" /></p> <p>contains : <span th:text= "${#arrays.contains(Array,2)}" /></p> <p>containsAll : <span th:text= "${#arrays.containsAll(Array, Array)}" /></p> </div> <h3> #lists </h3> <div th: if = "${not #lists.isEmpty(List)}" > <p>size : <span th:text= "${#lists.size(List)}" /></p> <p>contains : <span th:text= "${#lists.contains(List, 0)}" /></p> <p>sort : <span th:text= "${#lists.sort(List)}" /></p> </div> <h3> #maps </h3> <div th: if = "${not #maps.isEmpty(hashMap)}" > <p>size : <span th:text= "${#maps.size(hashMap)}" /></p> <p>containsKey : <span th:text= "${#maps.containsKey(hashMap, 'thName')}" /></p> <p>containsValue : <span th:text= "${#maps.containsValue(hashMap, '#maps')}" /></p> </div> <h3> #dates </h3> <div> <p>format : <span th:text= "${#dates.format(Date)}" /></p> <p>custom format : <span th:text= "${#dates.format(Date, 'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss')}" /></p> <p>day : <span th:text= "${#dates.day(Date)}" /></p> <p>month : <span th:text= "${#dates.month(Date)}" /></p> <p>monthName : <span th:text= "${#dates.monthName(Date)}" /></p> <p>year : <span th:text= "${#dates.year(Date)}" /></p> <p>dayOfWeekName : <span th:text= "${#dates.dayOfWeekName(Date)}" /></p> <p>hour : <span th:text= "${#dates.hour(Date)}" /></p> <p>minute : <span th:text= "${#dates.minute(Date)}" /></p> <p>second : <span th:text= "${#dates.second(Date)}" /></p> <p>createNow : <span th:text= "${#dates.createNow()}" /></p> </div> </body> </html> |
ThymeleafController.java
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@RequestMapping ( "standardExpression" ) public String standardExpression(ModelMap map){ map.put( "Str" , "Blog" ); map.put( "Bool" , true ); map.put( "Array" , new Integer[]{ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 }); map.put( "List" , Arrays.asList( 1 , 3 , 2 , 4 , 0 )); Map hashMap = new HashMap(); hashMap.put( "thName" , "${#...}" ); hashMap.put( "desc" , "变量表达式内置方法" ); map.put( "Map" , hashMap); map.put( "Date" , new Date()); map.put( "Num" , 888 .888D); return "standardExpression" ; } |
?@{...} 链接表达式，Link URL Expressions
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<!-- 不管是静态资源的引用，form表单的请求，凡是链接都可以用@{...} 。这样可以动态获取项目路径，即便项目名变了，依然可以正常访问 链接表达式结构 无参：@{/xxx} 有参：@{/xxx(k1=v1,k2=v2)} 对应url结构：xxx?k1=v1&k2=v2 引入本地资源：@{/项目本地的资源路径} 引入外部资源：@{/webjars/资源在jar包中的路径} --> <link th:href= "@{/webjars/bootstrap/4.0.0/css/bootstrap.css}" rel= "external nofollow" rel= "stylesheet" > <link th:href= "@{/main/css/123.css}" rel= "external nofollow" rel= "stylesheet" > <form class = "form-login" th:action= "@{/user/login}" th:method= "post" > <a class = "btn btn-sm" th:href= "@{/login.html(l='zh_CN')}" rel= "external nofollow" >中文</a> <a class = "btn btn-sm" th:href= "@{/login.html(l='en_US')}" rel= "external nofollow" >English</a> |
?#{...} 消息表达式，Message Expressions
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<!-- 消息表达式一般用于国际化的场景。结构：th:text= "#{msg}" --> |
?~{...} 代码块表达式，Fragment Expressions
fragment.html
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<!-- 支持两种语法结构 推荐：~{templatename::fragmentname} 支持：~{templatename:: #id} templatename：模版名，Thymeleaf会根据模版名解析完整路：/resources/templates/templatename.html，要注意文件的路径。 fragmentname：片段名，Thymeleaf通过th:fragment声明定义代码块，即：th:fragment= "fragmentname" id：HTML的id选择器，使用时要在前面加上 #号，不支持class选择器。
代码块表达式的使用 代码块表达式需要配合th属性（th:insert，th:replace，th:include）一起使用。 th:insert：将代码块片段整个插入到使用了th:insert的HTML标签中， th:replace：将代码块片段整个替换使用了th:replace的HTML标签中， th:include：将代码块片段包含的内容插入到使用了th:include的HTML标签中， --> <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang= "en" xmlns:th= "http://HdhCmsTestthymeleaf.org" > <head> <meta charset= "UTF-8" > <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <!--th:fragment定义代码块标识--> <footer th:fragment= "copy" > 2019 The Good Thymes Virtual Grocery </footer>
<!--三种不同的引入方式--> <div th:insert= "fragment::copy" ></div> <div th:replace= "fragment::copy" ></div> <div th:include= "fragment::copy" ></div>
<!--th:insert是在div中插入代码块，即多了一层div--> <div> <footer> © 2011 The Good Thymes Virtual Grocery </footer> </div> <!--th:replace是将代码块代替当前div，其html结构和之前一致--> <footer> © 2011 The Good Thymes Virtual Grocery </footer> <!--th:include是将代码块footer的内容插入到div中，即少了一层footer--> <div> © 2011 The Good Thymes Virtual Grocery </div> </body> </html> |
5、国际化的配置
?在很多应用场景下，我们需要实现页面的国际化，springboot对国际化有很好的支持， 下面来演示对应的效果。
1、在idea中设置统一的编码格式，file->settings->Editors->File Encoding,选择编码格式为utf-8
2、在resources资源文件下创建一个i8n的目录，创建一个login.properties的文件，还有login_zh_CN.properties,idea会自动识别国际化操作
3、创建三个不同的文件，名称分别是：login.properties，login_en_US.properties，login_zh_CN.properties
内容如下：
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#login.properties login.password=密码 1 login.remmber=记住我 1 login.sign=登录 1 login.username=用户名 1 #login_en_US.properties login.password=Password login.remmber=Remember Me login.sign=Sign In login.username=Username #login_zh_CN.properties login.password=密码~ login.remmber=记住我~ login.sign=登录~ login.username=用户名~ |
4、配置国际化的资源路径
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spring: messages: basename: i18n/login |
5、编写html页面
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初始html页面 <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang= "en" xmlns:th= "http://HdhCmsTestthymeleaf.org" > <head> <meta charset= "UTF-8" /> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <form action= "" method= "post" >
<label >Username</label> <input type= "text" name= "username" placeholder= "Username" > <label >Password</label> <input type= "password" name= "password" placeholder= "Password" > <br> <br> <div> <label> <input type= "checkbox" value= "remember-me" /> Remember Me </label> </div> <br> <button type= "submit" >Sign in </button> <br> <br> <a>中文</a> <a>English</a> </form> </body> </html>
修改后的页面 <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang= "en" xmlns:th= "http://HdhCmsTestthymeleaf.org" > <head> <meta charset= "UTF-8" /> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <form action= "" method= "post" > <label th:text= "#{login.username}" >Username</label> <input type= "text" name= "username" placeholder= "Username" th:placeholder= "#{login.username}" > <label th:text= "#{login.password}" >Password</label> <input type= "password" name= "password" placeholder= "Password" th:placeholder= "#{login.password}" > <br> <br> <div> <label> <input type= "checkbox" value= "remember-me" /> [[ #{login.remmber}]] </label> </div> <br> <button type= "submit" th:text= "#{login.sign}" >Sign in </button> <br> <br> <a>中文</a> <a>English</a> </form> </body> </html> |
可以看到通过浏览器的切换语言已经能够实现，想要通过超链接实现的话，如下所示：
添加WebMVCConfig.java代码
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import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.util.StringUtils; import org.springframework.web.servlet.LocaleResolver; import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.ViewControllerRegistry; import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.WebMvcConfigurer;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; import java.util.Locale;
@Configuration public class WebMVCConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer {
@Override public void addViewControllers(ViewControllerRegistry registry) { registry.addViewController( "/" ).setViewName( "login" ); registry.addViewController( "/login.html" ).setViewName( "login" ); }
@Bean public LocaleResolver localeResolver(){ return new NativeLocaleResolver(); }
protected static class NativeLocaleResolver implements LocaleResolver{
@Override public Locale resolveLocale(HttpServletRequest request) { String language = request.getParameter( "language" ); Locale locale = Locale.getDefault(); if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(language)){ String[] split = language.split( "_" ); locale = new Locale(split[ 0 ],split[ 1 ]); } return locale; }
@Override public void setLocale(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Locale locale) {
} } } |
login.html页面修改为：
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<!DOCTYPE html> < html lang = "en" xmlns:th = "http://HdhCmsTestthymeleaf.org" > < head > < meta charset = "UTF-8" /> < title >Title</ title > </ head > < body > < form action = "" method = "post" > < label th:text = "#{login.username}" >Username</ label > < input type = "text" name = "username" placeholder = "Username" th:placeholder = "#{login.username}" > < label th:text = "#{login.password}" >Password</ label > < input type = "password" name = "password" placeholder = "Password" th:placeholder = "#{login.password}" > < br > < br > < div > < label > < input type = "checkbox" value = "remember-me" /> [[#{login.remmber}]] </ label > </ div > < br > < button type = "submit" th:text = "#{login.sign}" >Sign in</ button > < br > < br > < a th:href = "@{/login.html(language='zh_CN')}" rel = "external nofollow" >中文</ a > < a th:href = "@{/login.html(language='en_US')}" rel = "external nofollow" >English</ a > </ form > </ body > </ html > |
国际化的源码解释：
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//MessageSourceAutoConfiguration public class MessageSourceAutoConfiguration { private static final Resource[] NO_RESOURCES = new Resource[ 0 ];
public MessageSourceAutoConfiguration() { }
@Bean @ConfigurationProperties (prefix = "spring.messages" ) //我们的配置文件可以直接放在类路径下叫： messages.properties， 就可以进行国际化操作了 public MessageSourceProperties messageSourceProperties() { return new MessageSourceProperties(); }
@Bean public MessageSource messageSource(MessageSourceProperties properties) { ResourceBundleMessageSource messageSource = new ResourceBundleMessageSource(); if (StringUtils.hasText(properties.getBasename())) { //设置国际化文件的基础名（去掉语言国家代码的） messageSource.setBasenames(StringUtils测试数据maDelimitedListToStringArray(StringUtils.trimAllWhitespace(properties.getBasename()))); }
if (properties.getEncoding() != null ) { messageSource.setDefaultEncoding(properties.getEncoding().name()); }
messageSource.setFallbackToSystemLocale(properties.isFallbackToSystemLocale()); Duration cacheDuration = properties.getCacheDuration(); if (cacheDuration != null ) { messageSource.setCacheMillis(cacheDuration.toMillis()); }
messageSource.setAlwaysUseMessageFormat(properties.isAlwaysUseMessageFormat()); messageSource.setUseCodeAsDefaultMessage(properties.isUseCodeAsDefaultMessage()); return messageSource; } }
//WebMvcAutoConfiguration @Bean @ConditionalOnMissingBean @ConditionalOnProperty (prefix = "spring.mvc" , name = "locale" ) public LocaleResolver localeResolver() { if ( this .mvcProperties.getLocaleResolver() == WebMvcProperties.LocaleResolver.FIXED) { return new FixedLocaleResolver( this .mvcProperties.getLocale()); } AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver localeResolver = new AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver(); localeResolver.setDefaultLocale( this .mvcProperties.getLocale()); return localeResolver; }
//AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver @Override public Locale resolveLocale(HttpServletRequest request) { Locale defaultLocale = getDefaultLocale(); if (defaultLocale != null && request.getHeader( "Accept-Language" ) == null ) { return defaultLocale; } Locale requestLocale = request.getLocale(); List<Locale> supportedLocales = getSupportedLocales(); if (supportedLocales.isEmpty() || supportedLocales.contains(requestLocale)) { return requestLocale; } Locale supportedLocale = findSupportedLocale(request, supportedLocales); if (supportedLocale != null ) { return supportedLocale; } return (defaultLocale != null ? defaultLocale : requestLocale); } |
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原文链接：https://HdhCmsTestcnblogs测试数据/zhangyibing/p/13951989.html#4832895
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