1、引言
读写分离要做的事情就是对于一条SQL该选择哪个数据库去执行，至于谁来做选择数据库这件事儿，无非两个，要么中间件帮我们做，要么程序自己做。
因此，一般来讲，读写分离有两种实现方式。第一种是依靠中间件（比如：MyCat），也就是说应用程序连接到中间件，中间件帮我们做SQL分离；第二种是应用程序自己去做分离。这里我们选择程序自己来做，主要是利用Spring提供的路由数据源，以及AOP
然而，应用程序层面去做读写分离最大的弱点（不足之处）在于无法动态增加数据库节点，因为数据源配置都是写在配置中的，新增数据库意味着新加一个数据源，必然改配置，并重启应用。当然，好处就是相对简单。
2、AbstractRoutingDataSource
基于特定的查找key路由到特定的数据源。它内部维护了一组目标数据源，并且做了路由key与目标数据源之间的映射，提供基于key查找数据源的方法。
3、实践
3.1. maven依赖
<? xml version = "1.0" encoding = "UTF-8" ?> < project xmlns = "http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation = "http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd" > < modelVersion > 4.0.0 </ modelVersion > < groupId > com.cjs.example </ groupId > < artifactId > cjs-datasource-demo </ artifactId > < version > 0.0.1-SNAPSHOT </ version > < packaging > jar </ packaging > < name > cjs-datasource-demo </ name > < description > </ description > < parent > < groupId > org.springframework.boot </ groupId > < artifactId > spring-boot-starter-parent </ artifactId > < version > 2.0.5.RELEASE </ version > < relativePath /> <!-- lookup parent from repository --> </ parent > < properties > < project.build.sourceEncoding > UTF-8 </ project.build.sourceEncoding > < project.reporting.outputEncoding > UTF-8 </ project.reporting.outputEncoding > < java.version > 1.8 </ java.version > </ properties > < dependencies > < dependency > < groupId > org.springframework.boot </ groupId > < artifactId > spring-boot-starter-aop </ artifactId > </ dependency > < dependency > < groupId > org.springframework.boot </ groupId > < artifactId > spring-boot-starter-jdbc </ artifactId > </ dependency > < dependency > < groupId > org.springframework.boot </ groupId > < artifactId > spring-boot-starter-web </ artifactId > </ dependency > < dependency > < groupId > org.mybatis.spring.boot </ groupId > < artifactId > mybatis-spring-boot-starter </ artifactId > < version > 1.3.2 </ version > </ dependency > < dependency > < groupId > org.apache.commons </ groupId > < artifactId > commons-lang3 </ artifactId > < version > 3.8 </ version > </ dependency > < dependency > < groupId > mysql </ groupId > < artifactId > mysql-connector-java </ artifactId > < scope > runtime </ scope > </ dependency > < dependency > < groupId > org.springframework.boot </ groupId > < artifactId > spring-boot-starter-test </ artifactId > < scope > test </ scope > </ dependency > </ dependencies > < build > < plugins > < plugin > < groupId > org.springframework.boot </ groupId > < artifactId > spring-boot-maven-plugin </ artifactId > </ plugin > <!-- < plugin > < groupId > org.mybatis.generator </ groupId > < artifactId > mybatis-generator-maven-plugin </ artifactId > < version > 1.3.5 </ version > < dependencies > < dependency > < groupId > mysql </ groupId > < artifactId > mysql-connector-java </ artifactId > < version > 5.1.46 </ version > </ dependency > </ dependencies > < configuration > < configurationFile > ${basedir}/src/main/resources/myBatisGeneratorConfig.xml </ configurationFile > < overwrite > true </ overwrite > </ configuration > < executions > < execution > < id > Generate MyBatis Artifacts </ id > < goals > < goal > generate </ goal > </ goals > </ execution > </ executions > </ plugin > -- > </ plugins > </ build > </ project >3.2. 数据源配置
application.yml
spring: datasource: master: jdbc-url: jdbc:mysql://192.168.102.31:3306/test username: root password: 123456 driver-class-name: com.mysql.jdbc.Driver slave1: jdbc-url: jdbc:mysql://192.168.102.56:3306/test username: pig # 只读账户 password: 123456 driver-class-name: com.mysql.jdbc.Driver slave2: jdbc-url: jdbc:mysql://192.168.102.36:3306/test username: pig # 只读账户 password: 123456 driver-class-name: com.mysql.jdbc.Driver多数据源配置
package com.cjs.example.config; import com.cjs.example.bean.MyRoutingDataSource; import com.cjs.example.enums.DBTypeEnum; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier; import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties; import org.springframework.boot.jdbc.DataSourceBuilder; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import javax.sql.DataSource; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.Map; /** * 关于数据源配置，参考SpringBoot官方文档第79章《Data Access》 * 79. Data Access * 79.1 Configure a Custom DataSource * 79.2 Configure Two DataSources */ @Configuration public class DataSourceConfig { @Bean @ConfigurationProperties("spring.datasource.master") public DataSource masterDataSource() { return DataSourceBuilder.create().build(); } @Bean @ConfigurationProperties("spring.datasource.slave1") public DataSource slave1DataSource() { return DataSourceBuilder.create().build(); } @Bean @ConfigurationProperties("spring.datasource.slave2") public DataSource slave2DataSource() { return DataSourceBuilder.create().build(); } @Bean public DataSource myRoutingDataSource(@Qualifier("masterDataSource") DataSource masterDataSource, @Qualifier("slave1DataSource") DataSource slave1DataSource, @Qualifier("slave2DataSource") DataSource slave2DataSource) { Map < Object , Object > targetDataSources = new HashMap < > (); targetDataSources.put(DBTypeEnum.MASTER, masterDataSource); targetDataSources.put(DBTypeEnum.SLAVE1, slave1DataSource); targetDataSources.put(DBTypeEnum.SLAVE2, slave2DataSource); MyRoutingDataSource myRoutingDataSource = new MyRoutingDataSource(); myRoutingDataSource.setDefaultTargetDataSource(masterDataSource); myRoutingDataSource.setTargetDataSources(targetDataSources); return myRoutingDataSource; } }这里，我们配置了4个数据源，1个master，2两个slave，1个路由数据源。前3个数据源都是为了生成第4个数据源，而且后续我们只用这最后一个路由数据源。
Spring Boot 最新基础教程和示例源码：https://github.com/javastacks/spring-boot-best-practice
MyBatis配置
package com.cjs.example.config; import org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSessionFactory; import org.mybatis.spring.SqlSessionFactoryBean; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.core.io.support.PathMatchingResourcePatternResolver; import org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceTransactionManager; import org.springframework.transaction.PlatformTransactionManager; import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.EnableTransactionManagement; import javax.annotation.Resource; import javax.sql.DataSource; @EnableTransactionManagement @Configuration public class MyBatisConfig { @Resource( name = "myRoutingDataSource" ) private DataSource myRoutingDataSource; @Bean public SqlSessionFactory sqlSessionFactory() throws Exception { SqlSessionFactoryBean sqlSessionFactoryBean = new SqlSessionFactoryBean(); sqlSessionFactoryBean.setDataSource(myRoutingDataSource); sqlSessionFactoryBean.setMapperLocations(new PathMatchingResourcePatternResolver().getResources("classpath:mapper/*.xml")); return sqlSessionFactoryBean.getObject(); } @Bean public PlatformTransactionManager platformTransactionManager() { return new DataSourceTransactionManager(myRoutingDataSource); } }由于Spring容器中现在有4个数据源，所以我们需要为事务管理器和MyBatis手动指定一个明确的数据源。另外，Spring 系列面试题和答案全部整理好了，微信搜索Java技术栈，在后台发送：面试，可以在线阅读。
3.3. 设置路由key / 查找数据源
目标数据源就是那前3个这个我们是知道的，但是使用的时候是如果查找数据源的呢？
首先，我们定义一个枚举来代表这三个数据源
package com.cjs.example.enums; public enum DBTypeEnum { MASTER, SLAVE1, SLAVE2; }接下来，通过ThreadLocal将数据源设置到每个线程上下文中
package com.cjs.example.bean; import com.cjs.example.enums.DBTypeEnum; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger; public class DBContextHolder { private static final ThreadLocal < DBTypeEnum > contextHolder = new ThreadLocal < > (); private static final AtomicInteger counter = new AtomicInteger(-1); public static void set(DBTypeEnum dbType) { contextHolder.set(dbType); } public static DBTypeEnum get() { return contextHolder.get(); } public static void master() { set(DBTypeEnum.MASTER); System.out.println("切换到master"); } public static void slave() { // 轮询 int index = counter .getAndIncrement() % 2; if (counter.get() > 9999) { counter.set(-1); } if ( index == 0) { set(DBTypeEnum.SLAVE1); System.out.println("切换到slave1"); }else { set(DBTypeEnum.SLAVE2); System.out.println("切换到slave2"); } } }获取路由key
package com.cjs.example.bean; import org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.lookup.AbstractRoutingDataSource; import org.springframework.lang.Nullable; public class MyRoutingDataSource extends AbstractRoutingDataSource { @Nullable @Override protected Object determineCurrentLookupKey() { return DBContextHolder.get(); } }设置路由key
默认情况下，所有的查询都走从库，插入/修改/删除走主库。我们通过方法名来区分操作类型（CRUD）
package com.cjs.example.aop; import com.cjs.example.bean.DBContextHolder; import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils; import org.aspectj.lang.JoinPoint; import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Aspect; import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Before; import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Pointcut; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; @Aspect @Component public class DataSourceAop { @Pointcut("!@annotation(com.cjs.example.annotation.Master) " + "&& (execution(* com.cjs.example.service..*.select*(..)) " + "|| execution(* com.cjs.example.service..*.get*(..)))") public void readPointcut() { } @Pointcut("@annotation(com.cjs.example.annotation.Master) " + "|| execution(* com.cjs.example.service..*.insert*(..)) " + "|| execution(* com.cjs.example.service..*.add*(..)) " + "|| execution(* com.cjs.example.service..*.update*(..)) " + "|| execution(* com.cjs.example.service..*.edit*(..)) " + "|| execution(* com.cjs.example.service..*.delete*(..)) " + "|| execution(* com.cjs.example.service..*.remove*(..))") public void writePointcut() { } @Before("readPointcut()") public void read() { DBContextHolder.slave(); } @Before("writePointcut()") public void write() { DBContextHolder.master(); } /** * 另一种写法：if...else... 判断哪些需要读从数据库，其余的走主数据库 */ // @Before("execution(* com.cjs.example.service.impl.*.*(..))") // public void before(JoinPoint jp) { // String methodName = jp .getSignature().getName(); // // if (StringUtils.startsWithAny(methodName, "get", "select", "find")) { // DBContextHolder.slave(); // }else { // DBContextHolder.master(); // } // } }有一般情况就有特殊情况，特殊情况是某些情况下我们需要强制读主库，针对这种情况，我们定义一个主键，用该注解标注的就读主库
package com.cjs.example.annotation; public @interface Master { }例如，假设我们有一张表member
package com.cjs.example.service.impl; import com.cjs.example.annotation.Master; import com.cjs.example.entity.Member; import com.cjs.example.entity.MemberExample; import com.cjs.example.mapper.MemberMapper; import com.cjs.example.service.MemberService; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional; import java.util.List; @Service public class MemberServiceImpl implements MemberService { @Autowired private MemberMapper memberMapper; @Transactional @Override public int insert(Member member) { return memberMapper.insert(member); } @Master @Override public int save(Member member) { return memberMapper.insert(member); } @Override public List < Member > selectAll() { return memberMapper.selectByExample(new MemberExample()); } @Master @Override public String getToken(String appId) { // 有些读操作必须读主数据库 // 比如，获取微信access_token，因为高峰时期主从同步可能延迟 // 这种情况下就必须强制从主数据读 return null; } }4、测试
package com.cjs.example; import com.cjs.example.entity.Member; import com.cjs.example.service.MemberService; import org.junit.Test; import org.junit.runner.RunWith; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest; import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner; @RunWith(SpringRunner.class) @SpringBootTest public class CjsDatasourceDemoApplicationTests { @Autowired private MemberService memberService; @Test public void testWrite() { Member member = new Member(); member.setName("zhangsan"); memberService.insert(member); } @Test public void testRead() { for (int i = 0 ; i < 4 ; i++) { memberService.selectAll(); } } @Test public void testSave() { Member member = new Member(); member.setName("wangwu"); memberService.save(member); } @Test public void testReadFromMaster() { memberService.getToken("1234"); } }查看控制台
5、工程结构
原文地址：https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/BgLHThErO3VIWfbV3POdJA
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